Ultrapure water refers to water with little or no contamination. Ultrapure water was originally developed to meet the needs of industries such as semiconductors and nanoscale fine ceramic materials. For many industries, their requirements for the water quality are not as high as at that for ultrapure water. But for pharmaceutical industry, semiconductor industry, power generation industry, lab applications, and several other industries, the demand for ultrapure water is always practical. In the electromagnetic spectrum, ultraviolet light lies between visible light and X-rays. For its advantages, UV water treatment has always been an efficient method for water sterilization in many fields. When used in water treatment, ultraviolet light kills bacteria, viruses and many types of harmful pathogens by blocking their DNA replication of its cells.
Next, we will look at the specific applications of ultrapure water in these industries and the advantages of ultraviolet for ultrapure water treatment.
UV Water Treatment in Pharmaceutical Industry
The pharmaceutical water systems can mainly be divided into two types: the purified water and water for injection. Compared with purified water, water for injection has more stringent design, operation and maintenance requirements. But both of them need to meet the requirements of the United States Pharmacopoeia. In the rest of the world, different countries have their own standards for both.
In the medical device production industry, the water used in the production process also needs to reach the quality of ultrapure water. Manufacturers of personal care products also adopt the treatment methods and standards in pharmaceutical industry for the sterilization of the water, which is later used in the manufacture of cosmetics, toiletries and other sanitary products. Their water sources are groundwater, surface water, municipal tap water or others. Water from these sources must be properly treated before it enters the production line. In general, the treatment process includes the removal of organic compounds, inorganic compounds, various microorganisms and various suspended particles.
Ultraviolet water treatment is widely applied in the purification and sterilization of purified water and water for injection in the pharmaceutical industry. In addition to the above mentioned contaminants, ultraviolet light is also used to treat the residual ozone present in pure water circuits for sterilization purpose. Compared with other water treatment methods, the advantage of ultraviolet water treatment is that it does not add any chemicals into the water during the treatment process, thus avoiding the change to the chemical properties of the water.
UV Water Treatment in Semiconductor Industry
Ultraviolet light is also used to produce ultrapure water for the use in the semiconductor industry. By using ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 185 nanometers and other additional treatment methods, hydrocarbons in the water can be significantly reduced. The high purity water produced can meet the requirements of semiconductor industry for the high purity of water.
Ultrapure water is applied in the semiconductor industry to flush the wafers after chemical treatment, the dilution for the chemicals used, and the immersion photolithography in optics systems. It is also used as a coolant supplement in some key applications, etc. When the foundation of integrated circuits is created, ultrapure water is used as a front-end cleaning tool. It is also used as a cleaning and itching agent to remove the impurities that will further cause the contamination of the water or impact the efficiency of the process. In the chemic-mechanical polishing process, in addition to the use of reagents and abrasive particles, ultrapure water is also required. Even in some cases, ultrapure water is used for humidification source for cleanrooms.
In the preparation of ultrapure water for the use in the semiconductor industry, UV water treatment is mainly adopted to remove various harmful microorganisms in the water and the residual chlorine, ozone and other components. Compared with other water treatment methods, UV is the only non-chemical solution of water. It is the basic requirement for water treatment in the semiconductor industry.
UV Water Treatment in Power Generation Industry
There is an increasing demand for ultrapure water in power generation industry in recent years. As long as steam is used, then the ultrapure boiler feedwater will always be a must. The purity of the water will directly affect the efficiency, reliability and service life of the boiler. In addition, scaling and corrosion caused by impurities contained in the water can damage the generating turbines propelled by the steam. So, one of the direct results of the impurity of the water is the affect to the operation of the power plants.
In a production system of ultrapure water, ultraviolet treatment plays an indispensable role in achieving the highest purity of water. At the same time, it will also avoid the influence of scaling and corrosion problems on the working of the machine. With the introduction of ultraviolet, the breakdown due to the stability of the machine in the power plants can be significantly reduced.
Advantages of UV Water Treatment in the Production of Ultrapure Water
In the production equipment for ultrapure water in various industries, ultraviolet sterilization has gradually become a standard. It is its advantages why it can be widely applied. Firstly, with the use of ultraviolet, harmful microorganisms present in the water can be quickly and efficiently removed. Secondly, ozone is used to sterilize and purify water bodies in industrial processes. However, due to the strong oxidation of ozone, the residual ozone will interfere the treatment of ultrapure water. With a wavelength of 254 nanometers, ultraviolet can eliminate the residual ozone. Ozone can be broken down into oxygen by the radiation of ultraviolet. Thirdly, activated carbon and RO (reverse osmosis) are commonly applied to remove organic matters from water. Ultraviolet, for its short wavelength, can efficiently decompose organic matters and reduce the TOC (total organic carbon) content in water. Finally, since the residual problem of chlorine is unavoidable in the chlorination of water, ultraviolet can directly remove residual chlorine from water. Compared with those traditional sterilization methods using activated carbon and chemical products, for its non-chemical characteristics, when ultraviolet is used, the problem of bacterial growth in those methods can also be avoided.
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